TIME: Almanac 1990

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895 ««Celestial Events:1991 [Note: All data in the following tables is expressed in the scale of universal time (UT); this is also known as Greenwich mean time (GMT). To convert UT to the following local mean times, use the following formulas: Eastern Standard Time (EST) - subtract 5 hours; Central Time (CT) - subtract 6 hours; Mountain Time (MT) - subtract 7 hours; Pacific Time (PT) - subtract 8 hours. Daylight Savings Time (Summer Time), is usually one hour in advance of Standard Time.] The Sun: [d=Day; h=Hour; m=Minute] d h m d h m Equinoxes Mar. 21 03 02 Sept. 23 12 48 Solstices June 21 21 19 Dec. 22 08 54 Perigee Jan. 3 03 Apogee July 6 15 Phases of the Moon: Luna- tion New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter d h m d h m d h m d h m 841 Jan. 7 18 35 842 Jan. 15 23 50 Jan. 23 14 21 Jan. 30 06 10 Feb. 6 13 52 843 Feb. 14 17 32 Feb. 21 22 58 Feb. 28 18 25 Mar. 8 10 32 844 Mar. 16 08 10 Mar. 23 06 03 Mar. 30 07 17 Apr. 7 06 45 845 Apr. 14 19 38 Apr. 21 12 39 Apr. 28 20 58 May 7 00 46 846 May 14 04 36 May 20 19 46 May 28 11 37 June 5 15 30 847 June 12 12 06 June 19 04 19 June 27 02 58 July 5 02 50 848 July 11 19 06 July 18 15 11 July 26 18 24 Aug. 3 11 25 849 Aug. 10 02 28 Aug. 17 05 01 Aug. 25 09 07 Sept. 1 18 16 850 Sept. 8 11 01 Sept. 15 22 01 Sept. 23 22 40 Oct. 1 00 30 851 Oct. 7 21 39 Oct. 15 17 33 Oct. 23 11 08 Oct. 30 07 10 852 Nov. 6 11 11 Nov. 14 14 02 Nov. 21 22 56 Nov. 28 15 21 853 Dec. 6 03 56 Dec. 14 09 32 Dec. 21 10 23 Dec. 28 01 55 Eclipses: Event Date Range of Visibility Annular eclipse of the Sun Jan. 15-16 E. of Indonesia, S. of New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, part of Antarctica, Polynesia. d h m Eclipse begins Jan. 15 20 51.0 Central eclipse begins 15 21 59.9 Central eclipse at local apparent noon 15 23 43.5 Central eclipse ends 16 01 45.9 Eclipse ends 16 02 54.7 Penumbral eclipse of the Moon Jan. 30 Moon enters penumbra Jan. 30 03 57.8 Middle of eclipse 30 05 58.6 Moon leaves penumbra 30 07 59.4 Penumbral eclipse of the Moon June 27 Moon enters penumbra June 27 01 46.3 Middle of eclipse 27 03 14.7 Moon leaves penumbra 27 04 43.2 Total eclipse of the Sun July 11 Hawaiian Islands, S.W. of Canada, U.S.A. except extreme N.E., Mexico, Central and S. America except extreme S. Eclipse begins July 11 16 28.7 Central eclipse begins 11 17 23.2 Central eclipse at local apparent noon 11 19 06.1 Central eclipse ends 11 20 48.8 Eclipse ends 11 21 43.4 Penumbral eclipse of the Moon July 26 Moon enters penumbra July 26 16 47.5 Middle of eclipse 26 18 07.8 Moon leaves penumbra 26 19 28.3 Partial eclipse of the Moon Dec. 21 Iceland, Greenland, arctic regions, N.W. of S. America, Central America, N. America, Pacific Ocean, Asia except S.W., Australasia except extreme W., extreme N. Europe. Moon enters penumbra Dec. 21 08 25.4 Moon enters umbra 21 10 00.0 Middle of eclipse 21 10 33.0 Moon leaves umbra 21 11 06.1 Moon leaves penumbra 21 12 40.6 Lunar Phenomenon: Moon At Perigee: d h d h d h Jan. 28 09 June 13 00 Oct. 27 16 Feb. 25 01 July 11 10 Nov. 24 02 Mar. 22 05 Aug. 8 18 Dec. 22 09 Apr. 17 17 Sept. 5 19 May 15 17 Oct. 2 18 Moon At Apogee: d h d h d h Jan. 12 11 May 31 03 Oct 15 11 Feb. 9 04 June 27 07 Nov. 12 08 Mar. 9 01 July 24 11 Dec. 10 02 Apr. 5 21 Aug. 20 23 May 3 15 Sept. 17 15 Occultations of Planets and Bright Stars by the Moon: d h Body Range of Visibility Jan. 12 03 Antares Middle East, S. central Asia, India, S.E. Asia, China, Philippines. Feb. 8 11 Antares S.E. of N. America, Cuba, West Indies, N. tip of S. America, N. Atlantic, W. Africa. Feb. 11 04 Uranus S. Pacific, Ross Dependency Antarctica. Feb. 12 18 Saturn Central Pacific, Hawaii, Mexico, Central America, S. & E. of N. America, West Indies, Cuba. Mar. 7 19 Antares Korea, Japan, N.E. of USSR, N. Pacific, Aleutian Is., Midway I. Mar. 10 15 Uranus S. Pacific, Antarctica, Falkland Is., S. Atlantic. Mar. 12 08 Saturn N. Africa, Europe except extreme N., British Isles, Turkey, S.W. of USSR. Mar. 22 17 Mars N. Atlantic, N.E. Canada, Greenland, Iceland, British Isles, Scandinavia, N. Europe, USSR except E. Apr. 4 03 Antares British Isles, central & S. Europe except extreme S.W., W. of USSR, W. Turkey. Apr. 7 00 Uranus Southern Ocean, Antarctica, Australia except N.W., S. of New Zealand. Apr. 20 00 Mars S. Pacific, Tahiti, Marquesas, S.W. of S. America. May 4 08 Uranus S. Pacific, S. of S. America, Falkland Is., S. Atlantic. May 31 13 Uranus Australia except the extreme N. & W., New Zealand, Tahiti, Marquesas, S. Pacific. May 31 20 Neptune Ross Dependency Antarctica, S. Pacific. June 27 17 Uranus S. Madagascar, S. Indian Ocean, Australia, E. New Guinea, New Caledonia. June 28 00 Neptune Australian Antarctic Territory. July 24 21 Uranus S. Atlantic, S. of S. Africa, Madagascar except extreme N., Indian Ocean. Aug. 11 08 Mercury Central Europe, Scandinavia, W. & central USSR, N. India, China, S.E. Asia, Philippines, N. Borneo. Aug. 21 02 Uranus S. Pacific, S. of S. America, Falkland Is., E. coast of S. America, S. Atlantic. Sept. 17 09 Uranus Indian Ocean, S. Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, S. Pacific. Sept. 17 17 Neptune Southern Ocean (S. of Australia), coast of Antarctica. Oct. 4 15 Venus Pacific, Hawaii, W. coast of Mexico, central S. America. Oct. 14 18 Uranus Central and N. of S. America except extreme N., S. Atlantic, central Africa. Oct. 15 02 Neptune Pacific (S. of New Zealand), coast of Antarctica, S. of S. America, Falkland Is. Nov. 8 05 Mercury Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Antarctica, S. tip of New Zealand. Nov. 11 03 Uranus N. Guinea, extreme N. of Australia, central Pacific, Hawaii. Nov. 11 11 Neptune S. of S. Africa, Southern Ocean, N. Australian Antarctic Territory, Australia except E. Timor. Dec. 8 14 Uranus W. & N. Africa, Europe except N.W., W. of USSR, Middle East except S. Saudi Arabia. Dec. 8 20 Neptune S. Pacific, central & S. of S. America, except extreme S. Planetary Phenomenon: Visibility of Planets: MERCURY can only be seen low in the east before sunrise, or low in the west after sunset (about the same time of beginning or end of civil twilight). It is visible in the mornings between the following approximate dates: January 1 to February 18, April 23 to June 10, August 30 to September 23 and December 14 to December 31. The planet is brighter at the end of each period, (the best conditions in northern latitudes occur around the second week in September and, only in low nothern latitudes, during the second and third weeks of January and the last 10 days of December, and in southern latitudes most of January and early February and from the end of April until the end of May). It is visible in the evenings between the following approximate dates: March 12 to April 6, June 25 to August 15 and October 18 to December 3. The planet is brighter at the end of each period, (the best conditions in northern latitudes occur during the last two weeks of March and in southern latitudes from early July until just before mid-August and late October to late November). VENUS is a brilliant object in the evening sky from the beginning of the year until mid-August when it becomes too close to the Sun for observation. Towards the end of August it reappears in the morning sky where it stays until the end of the year. Venus is in conjunction with Saturn on January 1, with Jupiter on June 17 and October 17, with Mars on June 23 and July 22 and with Mercury on August 7 and 29. MARS can be seen in January for more than half the night in Taurus, its eastward elongation gradually decreases (passing 8 degrees N of Aldebaran on February 22) until it can only be seen in the evening sky passing from Taurus through Gemini (passing 5 degrees S of Pollux on May 16), Cancer, Leo (passing 0.7 degrees N of Regulus on July 14) and into Virgo where towrads the end of September it becomes too close too the Sun for observation. It reappears in the the morning sky in Ophiuchus in late December. Mars is in conjunction with Jupiter on June 14, with Venus on June 23 and July 22. JUPITER can be seen for most of the night in Cancer, its westward elongation gradually increases until it is at opposition on January 29 when it can be seen throughout the night. Its eastward elongation then gradually decreases as it passes into Leo in mid-July where it can be seen only in the evening sky. In early August it becomes too close to the Sun for observation until the beginning of September when it reappears in the morning sky in Leo in which constellation it remains for the rest of the year (passing 0.4 degrees N of Regulus on September 10). Its westward elongation gradually increases until by mid-December it can be seen for more than half the night. Jupiter is in conjunction with Mars on June 14, with Venus on June 17 and with Mercury on July 15 and September 10. SATURN can be seen on January 1 in the evening sky in Sagittarius then it becomes too close to the Sun for observation. It reappears in the morning sky in early February in Capricornus in which constellation it remains for the rest of the year. Its westward elongation gradually increases until it is at opposition on July 27 when it is visible throughout the night. Its eastward elongation then gradually decreases until from late October it can only be seen in the evening sky. Saturn is in conjunction with Venus on January 1 and with Mercury on February 5. URANUS is too close to the Sun for observation until towards the end of January when it appears in the morning sky in Sagittarius, in which constellation it remains throughout the year. It is at opposition on July 4, when it can be seen throughout the night, after which its eastward elongation gradually decreases. From the early October it can only be seen in the evening sky until second half of December when it again becomes too close to the Sun for observation. NEPTUNE is too close to the Sun for observation until late January when it can be seen in the morning sky rising shortly before sunrise in Sagittarius, in which constellation it remains throughout the year. It is at opposition on July 8 when it can be seen throughout the night. From mid-October it can only be seen in the evening sky until mid- December when it again becomes too close to the Sun for observation. DO NOT CONFUSE (1) Venus with Saturn on January 1, with Mars from the second week in June until near the end of July, with Jupiter for the third and fourth weeks of June and again the second and third weeks of October and with Mercury from the end of July until mid-August; on all occasions Venus is the brighter object. (2) Mercury with Saturn around the end of the first week of February when Mercury is the brighter object. (3) Jupiter with Mars for most of June and with Mercury around mid-July and the first half of September; on all occasions Jupiter is the brighter object. Visibility of Planets in Morning & Evening Twilight: Morning Evening Venus August 27-December 31 January 1-August 18 Mars December 29-December 31 January 1-Septmber 21 Jupiter January 1-January 29 January 29-August 4 September 1-December 31 Saturn February 5-July 27 January 1 July 27-December 31 Comets: Predicted Perihelion Passages of Comets, 1991: Revolution Perihelion Perihelion period distance Periodic comet date years au* Russell 1 Jan. 3 7.6 2.17 Swift-Gehrels Feb. 22 9.2 1.36 Wolf-Harrington Apr. 4 6.5 1.61 Haneda-Campos Apr. 11 6.3 1.22 Van Biesbroeck Apr. 24 12.4 2.40 Hartley May 18 6.0 1.82 Arend May 26 8.0 1.85 Harrington-Abell July 6 7.6 1.77 Kowal-Mrkos July 18 9.3 2.68 Takamizawa Aug. 18 7.2 1.59 Tsuchinshan Aug. 30 6.6 1.50 Wirtanen Sept. 20 5.5 1.08 Arend-Rigaux Oct. 2 6.8 1.44 Faye Nov. 16 7.3 1.59 Kowal 2 Dec. 28 6.5 1.50 * [1 au = approximately 93 million miles, or the distance between the Earth and the sun.] Source: The Nautical Almanac Office, U.S. Naval Observatory.